“部分”、“有的”之逻辑辨析

Towards a Logical Differentiation Between “Part”and “Some”

从语言的角度讲 ,“部分”与“有的”都没有断定其全部。但从逻辑上讲 ,二者却有着明显的区别。二者对应的逻辑范畴不同 :“部分”与“整体”(“全部”)相对 ,而“有的”与“所有”相对 ;二者的逻辑涵义不同 :“部分”排除了“整体”(“全部”) ,在数量上是较为确定的 ,仅指整体的组成成分 ,而“有的”除了表达其存在性之外 ,在量上是不确定的 ,它表示“至少一个 ,亦可多个 ,甚至可指所有” ,它与“所有”没有不可逾越的鸿沟 ;二者在逻辑上的真值不同 :由“有的”组成的特称命题与由“所有”组成的全称命题可构成传统的逻辑方阵 ,而由“部分”组成的命题与由“全部”

Though linguistically similar in not including the whole or all,“part” and “some” are quite different logically.They refer to different logical categories in that “part” relationally opposites to the “whole” and “some” to “all”.They have different logical implications in that “part” precludes the possibility of the “whole”,is only a constituent of the “whole”and thus quite definite quantitatively and distinct from the “whole” whereas “some” is indefinite quantitatively and refers “at least one,or a few,or even all”.They have different truth-values in that propositions with “some” and propositions with “all” form a square of opposition whereas propositions with “part” and propositions with the “whole” do not.