驳类比推理“个别推个别”说

Denouncement against “From Specific to Specific”in Reasoning from Analogy

我国现行逻辑教科书把类比推理说成是“由个别推个别”的推理。这既有悖于中国古代逻辑思想 ,又违背了亚里士多德有关类比推理 (例证 )的论述的原意。中国古代墨家、荀子提出了“异类不比”、“以类行”、“以类度类”、“类不悖 ,虽久同理”的“类推”思想 ,认为类比推理要在两个同类的对象之间进行 ,以“类”(一般 )为中介 ,由此及彼 ,由他物推此物 (个别推个别 )。亚里士多德在《工具论》中关于“例证”(类比推理 )思想的本质是

Defined as an inference “From Specific to Specific”in conventional logic and the present logic textbooks in our country,reasoning from analogy is not only contrary to the ancient Chinese logic but violates Aristotle's original meaning of the reasoning from analogy.Many thinkers in ancient China,such as Mo Zi,etc,produced such thoughts as “No comparing between different categories”“Reason within the same category”“If two objects are from the same category,their nature will never change”.They held that reasoning from analogy should only occur between the objects from the same category,with the category (i.e.general)as their meium.Their reasoning is to be obtained form other objects to this one (i.e.from specific to specific).In “On Tools”Aristotle defined the core of his thoughts concerning illustration(or example)(reasoning from analogy) as a type of reasoning different from induction and deduction,but a continuous employment of induction and deduction.