文化变异:明清"邪教"教义的形成与内涵

Culture Variation: Formation and Content of "Heresy" Doctrines in Ming and Qing Dynasties

这里的"邪教"概念侧重于明清时期那些与社会、政府相对立而没有明确具体的政治目标的民间教派。邪教教义是邪教组织的信仰核心,其载体就是邪教经卷,形形色色的经卷基本上都借用了现成的文化传播形式,尤其是宝卷。邪教教主一旦拥有经卷,也就拥有了传教权力,而且,其背后都隐藏着强大的经济动因。明清邪教教义的形成,与历史上宗教文化的影响有着密不可分的联系,尤其是受到了历史上弥勒教、白莲宗、摩尼教等异端思想的影响。明清邪教教义主要包括:"三佛应劫"说、"无生老母"信仰、末世思想、叛逆思想、劝善与迷信等内容。

'Heresy' here refers to those folk sects during Ming and Qing Dynasties which were antagonistic to the society and government and had no speeific political goals. Their doctrines are the key of their beliefs shown in the heretical classics, which have borrowed existing forms of cultural propagation, esp. , treasured books. Once the heretical founders possess the classics, they possess the preaching right. Moreover, there is a strong economic motive. The forming of the heretical doctrines is largely due to the influence of religious cultures in the history, esp. , the heretical thoughts as the religion of Maitreya, White Lotus, Muni, etc. The doctrines include; theory of the predestined fate of three Buddhas, belief in the invented god named mother, idea of doomsday and rebel, appeal of kindness and superstition.