道德与知识、事功的一致——由牟宗三“良知坎陷”引发的思考(一)

The Coherence between Moral and Knowledge,Contribution——Pondering on Mou Zongsan's Theory of Innate Conscience's Self-negation(Ⅰ)

中国文化中理想与现实的矛盾,是和谐精神与竞争意识的对立。前者主张仁义,后者主张争利。虽然仁义的落实需要知识与事功,但由于道德和知识事功的内在冲突,即德性主体与知性主体、仁义与争利的对立,儒家的内圣之学长期存在轻智与贬功的倾向,不能直接开出外王。牟宗三先生良知坎陷说,为基于中国文化开出科学与民主做出了努力。儒家关注的是人类永恒价值,但现实是残酷的。面临理想与现实的巨大矛盾,传统儒家需要经过曲折和悖论,认可知性主体的独立和争利的价值,方能开出外王。但这种新的学说面临着突破儒学边界的困境,故需要区分理想(终极)的儒家与现实(坎陷)的儒家。

The contradiction between ideality and reality in Chinese culture,is harmonious spirit's opposition againsts competitive consciousness.The former advocates kindheartedness and the latter maintains contending for profit.Although virtue needs knowledge and contribution to complete itself,because the internal confliction between moral and knowledge,contribution(the opposition between ethical subject and intellectual subject,virtue and contending for profit),Confucian sageliness within has the tendency of despising knowledge and depreciating contribution,it can't directly achieve kingliness without.Mou Zongsan's theory of innate conscience's self-negation makes great efforts for achieving science and democracy based on Chinese culture.What does Confucianism care for is human beings' eternal value,but reality is cruel.Be faced with the huge contradiction between ideality and reality,traditional Confucianism needs to pass through dialectical development,agreeing intellectual subject's independence and the value of contending for profit.But this new kind of theory face the dilemma of exceeding Confucian boundary,so it is necessary to differentiate ideal(ultimate) Confucianism and realistic(self-negation) Confucianism.