从巫到神灵:对孟津长秋村“大神”信仰的考察

From Witch to Shen:Investigation of Da Shen Faith in Chang Qiu Village

孟津长秋村"大神"信仰形成的历史久远,信仰圈以村为核心,包括周边一些村落。长秋村对"大神"的信仰形式包括初一、十五的平日祭、一年一度正月十八的"大神"生日祭和遇旱灾、瘟疫等灾难时抬"大神"出游的"夸关仪式"。"大神"在和长秋村的民俗环境下产生,并由弱势信仰逐渐发展为强势信仰。"大神"的原型其实就是古代的巫。随着历史上巫术与道教的结合,巫逐渐上升为道教神灵。除"大神"信仰外,长秋村村民还信奉佛教、道教等。这种无明确宗教意识的多神信仰特征,这也是我国民间信仰的基本形态。

Da Shen faith in Changqiu Village has a long history and is centered in Changqiu Village and neighboring villages are included.Currently,forms of faith in Changqiu Village are monthly sacrifices on the first and fifteenth day of each lunar month and annual sacrifice on the eighteenth day of the first lunar month.Besides,Kua Guan ritual of carrying Da Shen shoulders is held in the event of disasters of draught,plague and so on.Da Shen,which came into being in the environments of Changqiu Village,gradually became primary faith from secondary faith.Da Shen,originated from ancient witch,gradually became the manito of Taoism from witch as witchery got combined with Taoism in history.Villagers in Changqiu Village also embrace Buddhism,Taoism and so on,which reflects a feature of polytheism without explicit religious consciousness,a basic form of folk faith in our country.