论孔子办学理念

A Preliminary Talk on Confucius' Ideas on Running Schools

与古希腊信奉的纯粹理性不同的是 ,中国原儒信奉的是一种人文理性 ,即从古代礼乐文化而来的精神力量。正是由此出发 ,孔子以“仁”释礼 ,从礼乐中寻找到道德和情感的依据 ,以积极入仕的方法贯彻他的理念。当他个人的入仕遭到挫折以后 ,他以极大的精力投入到培育弟子中去。以古代贵族才能掌握的六艺为教材 ,以“有教无类”的办学方针将贵族文化传播到民间 ,从而在根本上扭转了传统学术文化的行进方向。他的教育使原来“君子”的概念由世袭贵族变为道德贵族 ,继而由“血”而优则仕变为“学而优则仕”。孔子以德行释君子 ,就是要通过道德精英的培养 ,以精英引导一般人 ,从而使整个社会精神水平提升 ,从而实现“天下归仁”

Different from the pure rational of the ancient belief, the original Confucian belief was a kind of human rational, that is, a kind of spiritual power from ancient ritual music cultural. Starting from this, Confucius explained rite with “benevolence', trying to find basis from morality and emotions from ritual music. He based his ideas on the active attitude to officialdom. But when his efforts to become an official met with set backs, he put his energy in training his disciples. Taking the “six skills, which must be mastered only by ancient aristocrats, as the teaching material, and “making no social distinctions in teaching' as the guidelines, Confucius spread the aristocratic culture to the common people, thus making a fun mental change in the direction of the development of the traditional academic culture. His ideas on education changed the meaning of “gentry' from inherit aristocracy to moral aristocracy, and further on, changed officials from those who had “aristocratic blood' to those who were “good scholars'. Confucius explained “gentry' with “benevolence', because he wanted to train moral elite, to guide the ordinary people, to improve the whole society, and to realize his political ideals of “all hearts returning to benevolence.