白马语是藏语的一个方言或土语吗?

Is Baima a dialect or a subdialect of Tibetan?

白马语分布在四川省的平武、九寨沟、松潘等县和甘肃省的文县,使用人口1-1.2万。作者对白马语多次进行实地调查,认为白马语虽然有不少与藏语相同的特点,但与藏语各方言比较表明,它与藏语的远近关系已经远远超出中国境内藏语3大方言之间的差异程度,应该认为是一个不同于藏语但属于藏语支的独立语言。但张济川和黄布凡都发表文章,认为白马语和藏语的特点基本相同,特别是它们的词汇,应该是藏语的一个方言,他们都认为白马语应属于藏语康方言。本文提出了一些新的证据,讨论白马语的归属问题。同时结合中国多民族、多语言的实际情况,对如何区分语言和方言的界限、语言的底层问题等发表个人的一些看法。

Baima speakers are distributed in Pingwu, Jiuzhaigou and Songpan Counties in Sichuan Province and Wenxian County in Gansu Province. They number around 10,000 - 1,2000 and have been living for generations in this mountainous region spanning the borders of both provinces.Iex- presses the view that, although Baima had many features which are similar to Tibetan, the differences between Baima and Tibetan far exceedes those existing between the three main Tibetan dialects spoken within Chinese territory. Therefore, Baima should be considered an independent language which is different from Tibetan but belongs to the Tibetan branch. However, Zhang Jichuan and Huang Bufan have published articles expressing the view that, as Baima and Tibetan share common basic features, especially in their lexica, Baima should be considered to be a Tibetan dialect. In this paper, new evi- dence is proposed for the genetic affiliation of Baima. In addition, based on the multiethnic and multi- lingual situation in China, some personal views are offered on demarcation of languages and dialects as well as issues of substrata in languages.