论汉语的传信表达——以插入语研究为例

On Evidentiality in Mandarin Chinese: with Parenthticals as an Illustration

传信范畴(evidentiality)反映人们对一句话现实依据的关心。本文在既有人类语言传信范畴研究成果的基础上,勾勒出汉语传信表达的大致轮廓,认为汉语的传信表达可分为现行的(或眼见的)、引证的、推断的和转述的四类项目。在这个框架下,本文着力探讨了汉语传信范畴重要体现者——插入语的传信表达功能。通过对一定量的语料考察后发现,汉语的四类传信项目都可以用插入语来表达,具体表现为表达现行项目的插入语具有陈实功能和总结功能,表达引证项目的插入语具有引证功能,表达推断项目的插入语具有推测功能和阐释功能,表达转述项目的插入语具有转述功能。文章最后得出汉语插入语传信表达的等级关系:陈实功能>总结功能>引证功能>推测功能>阐释功能>

Evidentiality indicates how and to what extent speakers stand for the truth of the state- ments they make. This article, drawing on the studies on this topic in different languages, outlines the ways evidentiality is expressed in Chinese, distinguishing four sources of presenting a statement or a fact: visual, quotative, deductive and hearsay(or reporting). Within this framework, the article in detail discusses parentheticals in Chinese which express a large range of evidential meanings. A proper observation indicates that all the four ways to express evidential meaning can be found among paren- theticals. Specifically, the visual parentheticals have statemental and summarizing functions, the quo- tative ones have a quotative function, the deductive ones have an inferential or expositional function, and the hearsay ones have a hearsay function. These different functions constitute a hierarchy which can be represented as follows: Statemental Function>Summarizing Function>Quotative Function> Inferential Function>Expositional Function>Hearsay Function.