助产术"与启发式教学中的辩证法

Socrates' Birth-Assistantship, Confucius' Enlightening Approach and Their Modern Interpretation

苏格拉底终生倡导"精神助产术"。比他早约80年,孔子提出了启发式教学思想。之后,孟子、朱熹、王夫之都对此作了重要发挥。助产式与启发式教学思想历经数千年仍然有着强大的生命力,原因在于它们符合教学规律,体现了教学过程中教与学的辩证法,即既注重发挥教师的主导作用,又注重激发学生的主观能动性;正确处理了"渔和鱼"的辩证关系,侧重了学生自学能力、创新能力、综合运用知识能力的培养;恰到好处地把握"引与发"的辩证关系,主张教师应在"引"字上下功夫。近几年,有学者提出的"过程启发式教学模式"就是对苏格拉底、孔子教学思想的重要发展。

Socrates(470-399 B.C.) advocated spiritual 'Birthassistantship' in education all his life. And 80 years earlier, Chinese education philosopher Confucius put forward 'Enlightening Approach', both of which have enjoyed popularity for thousands of years. Why? First, they accord with education regularity, embodying the dialectics between teaching and learning. Secondly, they lay equal emphases on tutors' instruction and students' autonomy so as to promote students' creativity, innovation and comprehensive abilities. Thirdly, they provide a rather objective view of teachers' guidance and students' practice, thus emphasizing the role of teachers' guidance instead of their dominance. Recently, a teaching mode of process enlinghtenment was recommended, which is definitely a modern interpretation of ancient teaching philosophies of Socrates and Confucius. 