语篇中的否定

Negatives in Discourse

学术界对于否定的研究侧重于形态、句法和逻辑层次。90年代起,语用学也被引入了否定研究,探讨否定的载体和范围,却鲜有从语篇层次对否定进行分析研究。本文拟从语篇分析的角度,结合图式理论,指出否定不是由句子的成分和句子的表层结构决定,并通过实例分析显性和隐性否定的成因,发现已知语境中可以否疋的命题受到图式选择的限制。通过否定对读者已有的图式激活、筛选、兑细、排除、扩展,或者在排除旧图式的前题下,构建新图式,或者进行新旧图式的比较。读者对整个语篇的理解,尤其是对否定的理解,正是通过不断激活,调适或建构相关合适的图式并填充新信息而实现的。

Studies of negatives have been focused on morphological, syntactic and logical levels. The pragmatic approach has been applied since the 1990s. However, there are few studies from the perspective of discourse analysis. With detailed analysis of implicit denials in the discourse, the paper further explores negatives based on the theory of schemata, and it goes further to indicate that negatives are not determined by the constituents and the surface structure of the sentence, instead, it should be examined from textual level. The objects negated should be within the scope of receiver's schemata, and in turn, negatives help the receiver to activate, select, adjust, modify, and refresh the relevant schemata in order for full comprehension.