《水浒传》思想本质新论——评“农民起义说”等

Reflection upon the Ideological Tendency of Tales of the Marshes——Commenting on the Argument of "Peasant Revolt"and etc.

《水浒传》的主题是什么?历来就有争议。近几十年来以主张"农民起义说"者为多。仔细剖析《水浒传》内容,实际上它很少涉及宗法社会的农民生活,更没有表现出宗法农民的经济和政治的诉求。即使偶尔写到一些农民也大多是沉默的、没有追求的、随人俯仰的一群。《水浒传》中写的社会底层的精英,绝大部分是游民或社会边缘人物。所谓游民就是脱离宗法网络、宗法秩序沉沦在社会底层的人们。小说中描写了他们为了生存、为了改善自己的处境的挣扎和奋斗。他们的"经济诉求"是优裕的物质生活,为了实现这种物质生活就要迅速改变自己的社会地位,于是"发迹变泰"就成了他们的政治诉求。《水浒传》中写出了游民奋斗过程中成功的一面,但由于黑暗势力的阴谋陷害,"聚义"最终失败了。《水浒传》所写的是游民奋斗成功与失败的故事。《水浒传》作为第一部用口语写作的长篇小说不仅在文学史上是具有里程碑意义的作品,而且从中国古代思想史上考察,它也提供前所未有的思想。它第一次明确地提出了"造反有理"的思想,同时还为造反者建立了一套属于他们的话语体系,如"好汉"、"逼上梁山"等,这个话语体系不仅为后世造反者所认同,也为其他阶层的人们所理解。近几十年来,《水浒传》中的招安最为人们所诟病,特别是持"农民起义说"的学者认为"

What is the subject of the Tales of the Marshes? It has always been disputed. 'Peasant Revolt' has been the most acceptable idea for the latest decades. Taken the content apart,the Tales of the Marshes rarely touches upon peasants' life under the society with patriarchal clan system. Say nothing of describing farmers' requirement of politics and economy. Peasants mentioned once in a way mostly keep silent,do not have any pursuit,bending or lifting upon. Outstanding souls at the bottom of the society created in the Tales are mostly vagabandages away from patriarchal clan system or marginal civilians,of which the struggle for the sake of better living conditions are described in the story. It's necessary to improve their social status in order to achieve their 'economic requirement' of abundant material for life,so,'success and wealth' turns to be their political requirement. The Tales of the Marshes is all about the success and failure of the farmers' uprising. Tales of the Marshes,the river novel,as the first work written in spoken language not only made a landmark in the history of literature,but also,considered in a way of the history of Chinese ancient ideology,provided unheard-of ideas and glossaries corresponding such as 'you rebel,you right','bawcock','beforced to revolt' and so on which were widely accepted afterward by many estates besides insurrectionists. 'Zhao'an' (pronunciation of a Chinese word with meanings of:on one hand,of a ruler,offer amnesty and enlistment to rebels;on the other hand,of former rebels,accept amnesty and serve the ruler) as is described in the novel could not be more severely criticized for the latest decades. Especially,scholars standing for the theory of 'Peasant Revolt' even name it sellout for the bawcocks to serve the ruler. In spite of doctrines,being practical and realistic,we can find that 'Zhao'an' was not only an inescapable final,but also not totally passive in sense.