庇护关系:一种政治交换的模式

Clientelism:a Kind of Political Exchange Model

"庇护"概念最初出现于人类学领域,是指传统社会中普遍存在的一种特殊的、非市场的交换关系:地位较高的庇护者利用自己手中的权力、资源向地位较低的个人或群体施以恩惠或利益,被庇护者则向庇护者回报以支持、忠诚或服务,从而形成较为稳定的互惠关系。在政治生活中,庇护关系被看作是一种政治交换的模式,构成非正式政治的重要组成部分。尽管有其存在的客观性,但是政治生活中的庇护关系往往与政治分赃、政治交易、腐败等现象联系在一起,被认为与按照公共原则建立起来的"负责任的政府"观念相背离,与现代民主之间构成了巨大的张力。

The concept of clientelism which means a kind of non-market relationship of exchange in the traditional society,appears at first in the field of anthropology.In such a relationship,the influential patrons offer some help and interest to the clients,while the clients give them support,loyalty and service in return.Clientelism became the important part of informal politics.Though its existence is objective,clientelism in political life is usually related to pork-barrel,political exchange and corruption,etc.People often regard that clientelism as conflicting with the idea of responsible government,and having a great tension with democracy.