徘徊于矫正正义与分配正义之间——刑事被告人补偿制度之提倡

Between corrective justice and distributive justice——On the establishment of criminal indemnity liability of China

刑事司法赔偿是为了填补基于国家违法行为而发生的损害,其最初是以私法领域中的侵权行为概念与理论为参照,并建立在矫正正义思想上的制度。刑事司法补偿则是为了填补因合法司法行为所造成的公民损失,其以宪法基本人权保障的观念为根本,并且以分配正义为基本原理。刑事赔偿责任与刑事补偿责任有着不同的正当性基础。我国《国家赔偿法》第十七条第(二)、(三)项属于刑事补偿责任性质,刑事补偿责任应以被告人没有刑事责任、权利侵害以及侵害程度达到特别牺牲的逻辑递进式三要件作为成立条件。

Criminal compensation liability is for the damage resulting from illegal activities of judicial organs and based on the theory of corrective justice.Conversely,criminal indemnity liability is for the damage or loss of citizens caused by legal activities of judicial organs,which is based on the concept of human rights protected by the constitution,and adopts distributive justice as its fundamental principle.Therefore,the two systems concerning national liability have different legitimacy.The second and third paragraphs of Article 17 of the State Compensation Law should explain the system of Criminal indemnity liability.Meanwhile,the liability should be constituted by three logic factors which are the non-responsibility,impaired rights and the accordance with special sacrifice theory.