4Cotter,Janet M."The Old Man and the Sea":An "Open" Literary ExperienceThe English Journal,1962.
5Sergio H.Bocaz."El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha andThe OldMan andthe Sea:AStudy of the Symbol-ic Essence of Man in Cervantes and Hemingway,"The Bulletin ofthe Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association,1971.
6Leo Gurko.The Old Man and the SeaCollege English,1995.
5Harvey Breit, "The Old Man and the Sea," review in Nation, 6 September, 1952, 194.
6Carlos Baker, "The Old Man and the Sea," review in Saturday Review in 1952, as quoted in the special Hemingway issue of Saturday Review, 29 July, 1961, 36.
7Leo Gurko, The Old Man and the Sea, from College English, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Oct. , 1955) 11.
8Leo Gurko, The Old Man and the Sea, 13.
9欧内斯特·海明威.《老人与海》.黄源深译.南京:译林出版社,2007年,第11页.
10Sergio H. Bocaz, "El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha and The Old Man and the Sea : A Study of the Symbolic Essence of Man in Cervantes and Hemingway," in The Bulletin of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Jun. , 1971) 52.