以“国家高于社会”超越“社会先于国家”——黑格尔对古典自由主义国家与社会关系学说的批判

“State Was Prior to Civil Society” Transcended “Civil Society Was Prior to State”——Hegel's Criticism to the Classical Liberalist Relation Between Civil Society and State

以自然法和社会契约论为基础,古典自由主义主张"社会先于国家",认为国家产生于社会和个人利益的需要,这一理论既没有准确把握和揭示市民社会的现代内涵,同时也遮蔽了国家的伦理价值。在法国大革命和普鲁士王国分裂现状的影响下,黑格尔批判地继承了古典自由主义理论,明确揭示了市民社会的现代内涵,并主张"国家高于社会",认为市民社会必须通过自我扬弃,上升到国家阶段才能克服自身的矛盾,实现个人利益特殊性和国家伦理普遍性的统一。

Based on natural law and social contract theory,Classical liberalism advocated that 'civil society was prior to state',and held that a state was originated from needs of civil society.This viewpoint not only neglected the new connotation of civil society,furthermore concealed the ethical values of state.Influenced by French Revolution and the Division of Prussia Kingdom,Hegel abrogated the theory of Classical liberalism,proclaimed the new connotation of civil society for the first time,advocated that 'state was prior to civil society',and that civil society had to transcend itself and ascend to the gradation of state,in order to overcome the problems of itself and realize the unity of universality and particularity.