刑事错案社会结构问题初探——以侦查为中心

A Sociological Analysis of the Wrongfully Convicted Cases——Centering around Investigation

从社会学角度审视,可发现错案也存在一个社会结构问题:一是错案中受害人大多生活在社会中下层且居住在农村与市郊;二是错案中的侦查机关在程序中的强势地位与社会中的经济劣势并存;三是错案中受害人所聘请律师呈现整体无用与偶然奏效的局面;四是错案中侦查人员的观念与民意"同质化",且其多数成为犯罪被害人一方的支持者,而让错案受害人无力抗争。为避免案件社会结构因素推动错案的生成,应借鉴案件社会学的理论,做到:第一,通过组织、律师支持,提升被追诉者的程序主体地位;第二,加大办案机关的资源投入,提高案件质量;第三,强化办案机关案件审核,避免"一错到底";第四,主体改造与客观建设同步进行,以减少侦查人员的社会化特征。

From the perspective of sociology,we can find there is a social structure existing in wrongfully convicted cases: firstly,the accused belongs to grassroots walks and live in the rural or suburban areas;secondly,the investigative agencies enjoy a higher procedural status but poor economical position;thirdly,the lawyers employed by the accused make little difference except on some rare occasions;lastly,with rationales homogeneous to those of the public,the investigators develop into the backers of victims of crimes.Measures should be taken to eliminate the harmful effects of the wrongly convicted cases posed by social structure during criminal investigation,which go as follows: to promote the procedural status of the accused via organizational support,to neutralize traditional culture of justice by increasing investigative power especially in a way of resource investment,to strengthen self-censoring of any case lest wrongfully convicted case occur during subsequent procedure,to remold subjective and objective conditions of investigation in order to reduce the socialized characters of investigators,etc.