摘要
鸟类巢寄生是研究寄生者与宿主之间相互作用及其协同进化的模式系统。然而,近来开展的一些工作却使人们对褐头牛鹂(Molothrus ater)这一世界上研究最多的寄生性繁殖鸟类产生了误解,特别是在到底该鸟对其宿主鸟类是否会产生危害这一认识上。这些潜在的误解包括:褐头牛鹂是一种新出现在北美的寄生鸟类,其种群正在快速增加;新近被牛鹂寄生的宿主没有防御行为,因此牛鹂寄生导致了目前雀形目鸟类的普遍减少,而对牛鹂的控制管理有效增加了濒危宿主鸟类的种群。而关于协同进化方面的误解则包括:牛鹂是典型的"相容性寄生鸟类";牛鹂雏鸟会拱掉巢内宿主卵或雏鸟;牛鹂具有"黑手党"报复行为。这些误解由来已久,已严重影响了我们对牛鹂这一神奇寄生鸟类及其协同进化过程的认识。为此,本文对所有这些误解一一做了说明,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。
Avian brood parasitism is a model system for studies of coevolution and ecological interactions between parasites and their hosts. However, recent work may have led to misconceptions concerning the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), the most widely studied brood parasitic bird in the world, and its effects on host species. Potential misconceptions about this species that could affect management issues are as follows: cowbird populations are increasing; cowbirds are relatively new to North America; recently exposed hosts are defenseless against parasitism; cowbirds have caused widespread declines of songbirds; and cowbird control is always effective in increasing the size of endangered host populations. Potential coevolutionary misconceptions are that cowbirds are typically 'host tolerant'; cowbirds evict host nestmates; and the mafia effect is widespread. It is important to clarify these issues because such misconceptions could hinder our understanding of parasite-host interactions, and thus obscure the direction of basic research and of management efforts taken to limit cowbird impacts on endangered species. We discuss these issues and suggest future research directions to enhance our understanding of this fascinating species.
