现代化进程中的个体化与乡村社会重建

Individualization and Rural Society Reconstruction in the Process of Modernization

现代化及其获致的现代性将静止、封闭、同质的地方共同体强制拽入进工业化、城镇化、市场化,人们逐步从阶层、宗族、社区等地方共同体和地方性知识的制约中解放出来,直接面对国家、市场和全民性规范。从此个人不再"被他人所决定",而进入"自己决定自己命运"的过程。个体化是个体获得自由、自主的解放过程,但同时伴随着共同体归属感与安全感的丧失、社会风险的独自承受、意义世界的破碎、个体与社会权利边界的重新调整。与西方社会不同的是,中国乡村社会的个体化不是现代性自然生长的结果,而是国家规划式变迁的"压缩现代性",前现代、现代、后现代的各种矛盾、各种碰撞以非常密集的方式被杂糅压缩于个体化进程之中;中国乡村缺乏西方社会的自由主义传统和个人主义文化,权利边界是模糊的,进而容易形成"极端个人主义";最为重要的区别是,个体化过程缺少西方健全的医疗、教育、就业等福利性制度,个体从原有共同体之中脱嵌却无法有效嵌入国家、市场。这些注定中国乡村社会的个体化会遭遇到比西方社会更多的矛盾与问题。

Local community, which is still, closed and homogeneous, is forcibly pulled to industrialization, urbanization and marketization by the modernization and modernity. People are freed from local knowledge and local communities like class, clan and community to face to country, market and universal norms. Since then, individuals are no longer decided by others, but begin to decide their own fates. Individualization is the process in which the individual obtains freedom and autonomy, at the same time, the individual loses the sense of belonging and security of the community, which means that he has to take social risks by himself, and the meaning world is broken, the right boundary of individuals and society is re-adjusted. Different with the west, the individualization in China's rural society is not the result of modernity natural growth, but the result of 'compressed modernity' which is planned by the state, all kinds of collisions and contradictions of pre-modern, modern, postmodern are compressed in the process of the individualization in a very intensive manner. China's villages lack the liberal tradition of western society and culture of individualism, the right boundary is vague, so that it is easy to form the 'extreme individualism'. The most important difference is that, the process of individuation in China's villages lacks sound welfare systems such as health care, education, employment, and the individual which is embedded off from the original community can not be embedded again effectively in the state and market. The individuation in China's rural society is doomed to encounter more contradictions and problems than western society.