“未经定罪之没收”的证明标准

On the Standard of Proof of the Confiscation without a Criminal Conviction

证明标准是将各种没收制度加以类别化的重要判断要素,并对没收程序设计及功能定位具有重要意义。我国"未经定罪之没收"体现于司法解释中原有的相关制度,以及2012年《刑事诉讼法》第五编第三章建立的新制度之中。证明标准问题在原有制度和新制度中都是模糊的,影响了特定程序的制度功能发挥及其与特定案件诉讼目的权重的一致性。我国《刑事诉讼法》第五编第三章之没收制度的证明标准宜选择立体解决模式:确立与一般民事证明类似的标准,即"高度盖然性",同时完善利害关系人抗辩制度、上诉制度等相关保障措施和救济途径。

Standard of proof is a decisive factor in categorizing the confiscation systems,which is significant for the proceeding design and the functional orientation.The system of confiscation without a criminal conviction in China is provided in the existing rules of relevant judicial interpretation as well as in the newly established rules of Criminal Procedure Law,2012.However,the standard of proof during such confiscation is unclear,which has a negative impact on the consistency in this special proceeding between the functional efficiency and the balance of judicial objectives.The multidimensional resolution would be a better choice of future improvement in this area,which indicates that the legislation establishes a standard similar to that of general civil case,i.e.by clear and convincing evidence,and meanwhile,improves the relevant guarantees and remedies such as the innocent owner defense and appellate proceeding.