欧盟法中的司法审查制度:对《欧共体条约》第230条的释读——以欧洲法院的判决为视角

Judicial Review System in EU Law:Study on Article 230 of EC Treaty

依据《欧共体条约》,欧共体法院掌诠释及适用该条约之权。在欧盟的诸多司法控制诉讼手段中,基于《条约》第230条的无效行为之诉处于中心位置。在欧洲法院眼中,它可以审查所有由欧盟机构做出的意在产生法律效果的措施,包括欧洲议会的行为,不管其性质或形式如何。与成员国、欧盟委员会、欧盟理事会和欧洲议会这些特权申请者不同,自然人与法人仅有权向针对其自身的决定发出冲击,对于针对他人的行为,对"个别相关"和"直接相关"的认定就显得很重要,也很艰难。如果欧共体行为的性质属于条约规定的四种审查依据或违反了欧洲法院所发展的一般法律原则(比如基本人权、正当期望、比例性、平等对待、法律确定性),欧洲法院便可宣告其无效。

According to EC Treaty,it is European Court of Justice that makes it sure that the law is observed in the interpretation and application of treaty.Among many means of EU judicial control,the annulment action based on Article 230 plays a central role.In the eyes of ECJ,all of the measures adopted by European institu- tions,including European Parliament,intended to produce binding/final legal effects are reviewable,no matter what forms they take.Unlike such privileged ap- plicants as member states,the Commission,the Council and European Parliament, natural and legal persons can only challenge decisions addressed to them or deci- sions which,although addressed to another person,are of direction and individual concern to them.It is important and difficult to establish'individual concern'.ECJ can declare a European act void on the four grounds listed in the Article or if the act infringes general principles of law developed by ECJ,such as fundamental human rights,legitimate expectation,proportionality,equal treatment or legal certainty.