上古汉语的音节与声母的构成

The Syllables and the Construction of Initials in Archaic Chinese

上古音节的核心是CV,并表示单音节词根。依《切韵》,中古一四等韵只拼19纽,故黄侃以此为古本声.即19个基本声母。依我们的研究这很不够.还要作五点增改。我们汉语上古音复声母分析有"前冠音"、"后垫音"。基本复声母带流音属于声基,可作为词根的一部分进入谐声系列,前冠音不是词根成分,故而不能进入谐声系列。遇到不同部位互谐的声韵分布,要判定其声基,先要分辨含不含流音。如果含流音,那么有可能是流音声基或cr式声基。即看其谐声系列中有无单读来母以母的反切,有无舌音外的二等字,如果出现舌音与来以母通谐的这类情况,我们就拟为以流音本身为基辅音。在基本声母前加冠音的为前置性复声母,虽然不属词根,但在发展中有的冠音可以强化夺占了基声母的位置而提升。异部位互谐者,如其字声纽跟声基差异很大,又未发现流音因素,不属cr、cl、clj式基本复声母,那主要就属前冠复辅音问题,多为冠音强化夺位的结果。

The core of Archaic Chinese syllable is CV, and represents a monosyllabic root.Ac- cording to Qieyun,the 1st and 4th division of Ancient Chinese rhymes appear only with 19 initials that are considered to be'the original initials'.This paper is to make complements to this viewpoint in five aspects.Archaic Chinese consonant clusters have'pre-initial sounds'and medials.Basic initials,together with glides,form the initial bases that are part of word roots and have pictophonetie behavior,but pre-initial sounds play a different role in sylla- bles.When we find words in pictophonetic relation have different onsets that are of different places of articulation, we should first decide whether there are glides in their initial bases. An affirmative answer to this may prove glide initial bases or cr- initial bases. Then we should check whether there are words with dental initials in pictophonetic relation with those with the initial Yi(以)or Lai(来).If this is true we can decide that the glide is the initial base.Pre-initial sounds, although not part of word roots, may sometimes strengthen and rise as basic initials.This is the case of words in pictophonetic relation but have initials that are of different places of articulation, if they do not have cr-,cl-,or clj- consonant clusters.