上古至中古人称代词“乃”的历史考察

The Investigation of the Personal Pronoun nai(乃) from Ancient Times to Mediaeval Times

本文通过对上古至中古第二人称代词"乃"的共时兼历时的考察,认为"乃X"在中古数量减少、文体受限和直接"用典"的特征说明它只是保存在书面语中的上古汉语形式,不能反映中古语言面貌。汉魏时期频繁出现的"乃心"、"乃祖乃父"、"乃祖"等雅言词及"乃弟"、"乃功"、"乃勋"等具有典故化倾向的词,可以整体承说上文,表"自称"或"他称",体现了"乃X"结构在中古的新特点。从而,进一步证明了大型辞书中将"乃"释义为第三人称代词"其"、"他的"是不够科学的。

This study is based on investigation of the second-person-pronoun'乃'from ancient times to mediaeval times,to discuss'乃X'was the characteristic of Chinese in ancient times, but not the element of the second-person-pronoun used as attribution after Han Dynasty,for its decreasing in number,limitation in style and using literary quotation.It also made a further discussion of refined-words and words having trend of being refined,which expressed the first person or third person appellation as a whole.The new feature of'乃X'also makes out the error in dictionaries,which takes'乃'for the third-person-pronoun in ancient times.