中古汉语“完成”语义范畴的表达体系

The Coding System of"Completion"Semantics Category in Medieval Chinese

本文将中古汉语看成一个平面,从泛时的角度以动词为中枢探讨中古汉语"完成"语义范畴的表达体系。从结构层次看,中古时期表达"完成"语义的句子在结构上由四个层次构成,即:1)核心动词;2)动相成分;3)动后成分,如"毕""竟""讫"等显性范畴;4)动前成分,如"既""曾""已"等。这四级结构层次构成了三级表达体系,即:中心情状、时制标记、体标记。在这一表达体系下衍生出了不同的表达模式,而此表达体系和模式奠定了汉语"完成"语义表达的基本框架并影响至今。

Based on panchronic perspectives,this paper studies the coding system of 'completion' semantics in Mandarin Chinese.The means of 'completion' semantics are composed of four levels,namely,(i) lexemic level;(ii) phase;(iii)the following constitute of the verbs,such as overt category,bi,jing,qi;(iv) the anterior constitute of the verbs, such as ceng,ji,yi temporal adverbs.The four levels form three hierarchical coding systems: core situation,tense marker,and aspect marker.Derived from this system,different coding models are produced.This frame of 'completion' semantics category is established in Medieval Chinese,and works on up to the present time.