成人之“道”与为政之“德”

The "Method" of Being a Man and the "Virtues" of Administrating

道德问题是儒学的核心问题,是儒家文化最根本的问题。当今时代要发掘孔子儒学的精义,发挥孔子思想与儒家学说对于社会的作用,最为紧要的就是进一步"讲明"成人之"道"与为政之"德"。孔子儒家认为,一个人智、仁、勇有机结合,才能达到一定的境界,只有"文之以礼乐",才叫"成人",其行为才算是真正的"成人之行"。为政之"德"的内容十分广泛,首先应当是坚定信念,做到"志于道,据于德,依于仁";其次应当是明礼知理,做到好恶有节;复次应当是守诚执敬,做到至诚无息、慎终如始。此外,对于管理对象,应当是在"知民之性,达民之情"的基础上,做到子爱人民、施惠于民,而施政不偏、公平公正的"政均"就是对民众最大的爱。为政者常常会遇到升迁进退之类的不同情况,越是在身处逆境、不容于世的时候,就越应当像孔子那样不怒不愠、乐天达观,"不容,然后见君子"。

Moral problems are the core questions as well as the fundamental questions of Confucius culture. In order to explore the gist of Confucianism and exert its influence on the society,the point is to further explain the ' method' of being a man and the ' virtues' of administrating. According to Confucianism,a person can reach a certain level only when intelligence,kindness and courage combine harmoniously in him. The contents of the ' virtues' of administrating are extensive,including being confirm in beliefs,knowing etiquettes and telling the good from the bad,being loyal and cautious from the beginning to the end. Besides,the administrator should treat the administrated fairly. Often confronted with various situations of promoting and descending in positions,the administrators should act like Confucius,being optimistic and open- minded especially in adverse circumstances.