论清代民族关系格局的形成与发展

The Form and Development of the Pattern of Ethnic Relation in Qing Dynasty

清代民族关系格局具体是指在清朝统治时期和统治区域内各民族之间关系的结构状态。蒙古族、汉族、藏族在后金政权、清朝的建立和发展过程中发挥了非常突出而又广泛的作用,因此,满族与蒙古族、汉族、藏族等民族的关系成为清代民族关系格局的主干层次。而满族与其他少数民族的关系(不包括蒙古族和藏族),蒙古族、汉族、藏族与其他少数民族的关系(不包括满族)则成为清代民族关系格局的非主干层次。清代民族关系格局发展的特点是:第一,民族关系范围进一步扩大,民族问题复杂性大幅度提高。第二,随着清朝统治在全国范围内的建立,满藏关系的重要性进一步增强。第三,满蒙关系得到了进一步巩固,处理满蒙关系问题的政策措施更加规范和完备。第四,清朝政府有效调整了满汉关系,使之进入了稳步发展时期,并进一步完善了对汉族的政策措施。第五,妥善处理满藏关系,不断维护西藏地方的稳定和发展,有效地巩固了满蒙联盟。

The pattern of ethnic relation in Qing dynasty refers to the stage of structure of ethnic relation when and where Manchu governed.Mongolian,Han and Tibetan played very prominent and wide role in the course when Qing dynasty established and development.Hence the relation between Manchu and Mongolian,Han and Tibetan became the mainstream of the pattern of ethnic relation in Qing dynasty while the relation between Manchu and other ethnic minority groups was the non-mainstream in the pattern of ethnic relation in Qing dynasty.The pattern of ethnic relation in Qing dynasty had the following characters: first,the range of ethnic relation enlarged and the complexity of ethnic issues promoted;second,with the establishment of the governing of the reign of the Qing,the importance of the relation Manchu and Tibetan enhanced;third,the relation between Manchu and Mongolian confirmation,the policy and countermeasure to deal with the relation between Manchu and Mongolian formalized and perfected;fourth,the relation between Manchu and Han effectively adjusted by the Qing government,and a stabled development era began;fifth,the relation between Manchu and Tibetan perfectly handled.The stable and development in Tibetan region constantly maintained,the alliance of Manchu and Mongolian effectively confirmed.