13—15世纪巴黎大学特权的演变过程

Privileges of Paris in 13—15 Century

大学特权是中世纪大学的特点之一。本文以巴黎大学为例,剖析了大学特权获得、发展和转变的历史进程及原因。13世纪,巴黎大学的特权主要来自于教皇的特权敕令。教皇在授予巴黎大学师生居住权、罢课权、独立司法权和教师许可授予权等特权后,又设立教皇特权保护委员会,以保护大学师生的特权不受侵犯。14世纪,教皇减少了对大学特权的关注,但是法国国王不仅肯定了大学师生已有的特权,还增加了税收、赋役和兵役等特权,也设立了国王特权保护委员会,以督促市长保护大学师生的特权。15世纪后,巴黎大学师生的特权逐渐受到限制或被剥夺。到15世纪末,巴黎大学的特权已经变成了对少数人的“特别优待”。

The privilege of Medieval University is one of its characters.Concentrating to the University of Paris,the passage appears to introduce the origin,the development and the change of privileges,as well as their reasons.In the 13 th century,the Pope sent many privileges to Paris and established a commission to keep them from destroying by citizens.And the fourteenth century saw more and more royal solicitude while the Papacy support for the privileges came to lean less and less.But the fifteen century,most the privileges were limited.