黑死病前后的欧洲

Europe Around Black Death

黑死病前，欧洲农业长期滞后，生产力的进步不适应人口的增长。在生产技术落后的条件下，人们只知无限度地开荒，向山林川泽争夺耕地，从而破坏了生态平衡，导致黑死病的发生与广泛流行。瘟疫使西欧人口锐减，出现劳动力不足的矛盾，农民乘机加强开展自身解放的斗争，从而加速农奴制的瓦解，也使欧洲的封建领主逐渐放弃农业，改营商业性畜牧业。

Before 'Black Death',Europan agriculture had long been backward,for the development of farming techniques lagged behind the growth of population.The only way to solve the problem was to clear new land from forests and wastelands,but worsen environment,and finally caused 'Black Death'.The plague greatly reduced population,and caused a new problem:the shortage of laborers.Peasants took this opportunity to free themselves from the control of landlords,which moved the serfdom of Western Europe to its end and forced landlords in Western Europe to shift their economic activities from agriculture farming to livestock farming.Europe gradually moved to a new period of commercial economy.