论20世纪初直隶地区的社会整合──兼评袁世凯与北洋新政

The Social Integration of the Zhili Area in the Early Twentieth Ce ntury:Evaluating Yuan Shikai and the Late Qing Reform of the Beiyang Army

本文分别探讨了义和团运动后北洋官僚集团和商人组织在直隶社会重建中的活动、社会角色、作用和社会影响，指出政治因素在近代直隶社会的变迁中起了比其他地区更为重要的作用。作者还对袁世凯与北洋新政作了评价。

This article discusses the role of the (ureaucratic apparatus of the (eiyang Ar my and the activities of merchants and commercial organizations, and their impac t on the social reconstruction of Zhili after the Yihetuan Movement. The articl e argues that political factors played a relatively more important role in the s ocial transformation of Zhili than in other places. The author also evaluates Yu an Shikai and his policies under the Late Qing Reform.