中国古代史学批评的基本形式和基本方法

Basic Forms and Basic Methods of Historical Criticism in Ancient China

中国古代史学批评萌发于先秦、确立于两汉、成熟于魏晋南北朝 ,唐代以后进入繁盛时期 ,止清代章学诚而趋于终结。在其漫长的发展历程中形成了散论、序跋、传赞、专文、专著、章表、史注、目录题解等基本形式和比较评论、区分类聚、原始察终、求名责实、知人论世、知势论人、因事立论等常用方法。

Historical criticism in ancient China originated from pre Qin period,became established in Western and Eastern Han Dynasties,came to maturity in the Wei,Jin ans Southern and Northern Dynasties,and enjoyed its prime in Tang Dynasty.In Qing Dynasty,a scholar named Zhang Xuecheng put an end to it with his study in this area.During the long process of its development,some basic forms were formed such as random thesis,preface and postscript,biography and postscript,monograph,specialized publication,presentation and statement,annotation on historical events,explanatory notes on the catalog,and so were some commonly used methods such as comparative comments,differentiation and classification,investigation into the origin,assessment on the basis of a set model,making comments on historical figures associated with social background,evaluation of historical events according to objective laws,and analysis of historical events based on historical facts,etc.These forms and methods still play an important and significant role in the practice of today's historical research and criticism.