辨析国情、选择出路之争——对于“五四”过后发生的社会主义大辩论的再认识

The Debate over Understanding National Conditions and Finding a Way Out A Re understanding of the Debate over Socialism after the May Fourth Movement

本文对２０年代初发生的社会主义论战，进行了新的探讨。本文认为，梁启超、张东荪等所提出的中国应当发展资本主义实业、而不能立即实行社会主义的主张，是基本上符合当时中国的国情的；只是他们不懂得只有谋取到国家的独立主权，中国的资本主义才可能得到发展。他们又极为惧怕民主革命的爆发，所以他们消极企盼民族资本主义发展的这种主张，又脱离了中国的实际，没有取得任何实效。至于年轻的共产主义者，认定在当时的中国就应当立即消灭资本主义，直接实行社会主义，则是不合当时中国国情实际的、无法实行的主张。不过，正是中国共产党人，在民主革命的实践中，逐步校正了早年的误识。

Abstract This paper presents a new investigation of the debate in the early 1920s. The author believes that the opinion of Liang Qichao and Zhang Dongsun that China should develop capitalist industries and should not immediately carry out socialism was basically correct. However, they were not aware that only after China gained independence and sovereignty could the nation develop capitalism. On the other hand, they were also afraid of democratic revolution, and as a result their passive hope of developing national capitalism was divorced from Chinese reality and doomed to failure. The young communists set their minds on the immediate destruction of capitalism and carrying out socialism, but this was also impractical. However, during the practice of democratic revolution, the Chinese communists corrected their earlier mistaken ideas and found new democracy the correct road to national salvation.