论宋哲宗至高宗时期之台谏制度

On Admonishing System of 1086—1162

宋代台谏制度发展到仁宗时期,形成了建员少、事权重、选择精的三大特点。本文仍从这三个方面,就哲宗至高宗时期的制度变化及实施状态进行考察。其结论是,此期台谏建员少、事权重的特点并无根本性变化,但选择精的传统却未能坚持,台谏官入选的资格要求被彻底放弃,皇帝亲除之制也演变为宰执拟除。台谏选任之制的变化,为宰辅控制台谏并进而操纵时局开了方便之门。至秦桧独相,本为加强皇权而设的台谏已完全成了他的工具,天子的“耳目之官”成了他的爪牙,台谏制度权力过高的隐患至此暴露无遗。

Under the reign of the fourth emperor in the North Song Dynasty(1023—1063),there were three characteristics of Admonishing System:the first,it was an official body with a small size of staff;the second,it possessed great power;the third,government authorities set high demands in selecting its staff members.This paper deals with Admonishing System of 1086—1162,drawing a conclution that during this period,the first and the second characteristics roughly remained,but the third did not hold on.The requirements for its membership were abandoned at last and the regulation that the staff members chosen by emperor was turned to premier and other officials at the helm of the state.When Qin Hui arrogated all powers to himself,Admonishing System which had been established for strengthening imperial power became Qins tool,and those emperors“officials of eyes and ears”became Qins lackeys.Up to this time,the hidden peril that Admonishing System had too much power in hand was thoroughly exposed.