张璁议礼思想述论——对张璁在大礼议中“迎合”世宗之说的批判

A Review of Zhang Cong's Idea of Memorial Ceremomy ——A Criticism of the Argument that Zhang Cong “Caters to” Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty in the Great Polemics on Memorial Ceremony

大礼议是明代历史上具有划时代意义的一件大事。要对明代中后期改革历史进行客观、深入的研究，首先必须重新认识大礼议事件。而重新审视大礼议的关键在于剔除张璁“迎合”世宗的传统偏见。从张璁依据具有法律效力的武宗遗诏、依时据实和顺应人情等三个方面反映出的议礼思想来看，张璁对杨廷和违背武宗遗诏而强迫世宗改换父母主张的坚决抵制是合法、合理、顺情之举，而非“迎合”、“揣摩”世宗之私心的“小人”行为；在大礼议中，杨廷和追随者对其违法、悖理、逆情的主张极力迎合附会，他们才是真正的迎合集团，这是导致他们失败的根本原因之一。

Abstract The great polemies on memorial ceremony is an epock making event that took place in the Ming Dynasty.To make a more penetrating study of the history of the middle and late periods of the Ming Dynasty,it is in the first place necessary to have a fresh understanding of this great debate,and the key to this reexamination lies in getting rid of the bias that Zhang Cong was trying to “cater to”Emperor Shizong's personal demands.The fact is that Zhang Cong expressed his ideas in terms of the legal effectiveness of Emperor Wuzong's testmentary edict,the way of the world then and the human relationships of the time,and on the basis of these statements he argued persistently against Yang Tinghe's attempt to force Emperor Shizong to replace his parents.It is clear that Zhang Cong performed an act that is legitimate,reasonable and conforming to human feelings,and it is by no means “a vile character's” act by which he tried to “cater to ”or “figure out” what Emperor Shizong was thinking about.In debating,Yang Tinghe and his followers did everything they could to cater to and strain their arguments,which were indeed against the law,convention and human feelings:it was they who formed a catering clique,one of the fundamental reasons for their failure.