明清流民与川陕鄂豫交界地区的环境问题

Refugees and Environment in the Contiguous Region of Sichuan, Shan' xi,Hebei and Henan Provinces in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

本文主要论述明清时期黄河中下游地区因自然和社会的原因，大批失去土地或逃避赋役的流民向豫鄂川陕交界的秦岭、大巴山区迁徙的规模和过程。自明中叶美洲耐旱作物的传入，流民规模更趋庞大，并长期定居在山区之中，进行开山种植、伐木造纸、冶炼烧炭等作业，造成秦岭、大巴山区森林植被的严重破坏，水土流失明显加剧，严重影响了渭河、汉江流域的灌溉和航运，使我国西部地区环境日趋恶化，应从中取吸历史教训。

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,because of the natural and social causes in the middle and lower reaches of the Huanghe River, a great number of refugees who had lost their land or fled to evade taxes and corv' ee moved to the Qinling and Dabashan Mountains, -a contiguous region of Henan, Hubei, Sichuan and Shan' xi Provinces. Along with the introduction of drought-enduring plants from America since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, more and more refugees moved to the mountains and settled down there for good. They cultivated the mountainous region for plants,cut down trees for paper production and made charcoal for smelting. As a result of what they did,the forest vegetation in the Qinling and Dabashan Mountains was greatly damaged,soil erosion became increasingly serious,irrigation and shipping in the Weihe River and Hanjiang River valleys were considerably affected, and the environment in West China worsened day by day. We shoulddraw a lesson from history.