20世纪英美国家调控机制历史发展初探

On the Development of Modern Regulatory Mechanism in U.K.and U.S.A.

每个社会都有自身的调控机制，调节社会关系和控制社会矛盾，维系社会的生存发展。矛盾和调控互相对立又互相联系，构成社会发展的两大基本方面。历史研究从唯物史观出发，既要分析社会矛盾一面，也要研究社会的调控机制的另一面。国家对社会矛盾和社会关系的调控更是其中的重要研究对象。２０世纪是资本主义发展中各种矛盾最为复杂多变的历史阶段，也是资本主义的国家调控机制出现重大演化的历史时期。其中，英美具有典型意义，可分三个历史发展阶段：局部调控阶段（１９世纪末期—１９２９年），全局调控阶段（３０年代—７０年代），再调控阶段（７０年代后期—９０年代）。调控机制内容庞杂，本文篇幅有限，仅为基本历史发展过程的初步探讨。

Abstract Every modern society must develop its own regulatory mechanism to control its various contradictions and to regulate its social relations.The mechanism includes the regulatory ideas,policies and institutions.The mechanism in U.K.& U.S.A.during the 20th century has experienced three main periods:1.The partial regulatory period (late 19th century-1929),the state intervention gradually increased indeed,but was too limited to control the economic and social crises.2.The comprehensive regulatory period (1930s-70s);the Great Depression and the World War Ⅱ greatly increased the social demand for more state intervention,such as Keynesism and the New Deal,the capitalism survived the crises and helped to creat the Post-war “Golden Age”;the economic and social regulation covered a wide rang of social life.3.The regulation period (late 1970s-90s)was in fact One of large-scale reform in the contemporary capitalism, the aim of deregulation was to get rid of economic and social crises and to make the capitalism more efficient by the market liberation and the withdraw of “big government”.To conclude,the development of the mechanism is a repeated search for the balance between the market and the state intervention.