新贸易理论、比较利益理论及其经验研究的新成果:文献综述

New Trade Theory, The Theory of Comparative Advantage, and Empirical Evidence: A Survey

此文择要评述否定贸易理论四大命题(比较利益说、要素价格均等说、斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理、罗宾辛斯基定理)的理论研究和经验证据,以及最新的内生比较优势理论和区别分工网络效应和规模经济的新贸易理论。大量的理论研究成果证明,上述四大命题不可能是一般规律,它们只在非常不现实的假定条件、特别的模型和特定参数值范围内成立,而相关的经验证据也推翻了这四大命题。但是,交易效率改进会使更多的分工正网络效应被利用的理论,却是有着相当广泛适用性的规律。

This paper reviews theoretical and empirical results that reject four major theorems in neoclassical trade theory (Hecksche-Ohlin theorem, Stolper- Samuelson theorem, factor price equalization theorem, and Rybczynski theorem) and the literature of new trade models with economies of scale, endogenous com- parative advantage, and network effects of division of labor. A great deal of research shows that the four neoclassical theorems hold only for specific models and within particular parameter subspaces. It is impossible to find general regularities on the relationships between quantities traded, initial endowment distribution, and prices. However, it is much difficult to find counter example of the proposition that the network size of division of labor expands as trading efficiency is improved.