提问与贬抑

Questioning and denigration

贬抑指贬低他人的行为，它可以通过各种句式来表现，包括疑问句。文章中首先区分了两种不同的贬抑：实质贬抑和形式贬抑。实质贬抑是通过疑问句所暗含的内容来贬低他人；形式贬抑通过违反交际规则实现对他人的贬低。文章还剖析了实现两种贬抑的具体方式。

Denigration is the classification of the hearer by the speaker in one or more categories that the hearer feels are inferior for him here and now. It is parasitic in all kinds of utterances,including questions. In this paper we study two major modes in which denigration can occur,substantive and formal. Substantive denigration is carried in assertions implied in some kinds of questions. Formal denigration is caused by an action of the speaker that violates certain maxims formally guiding the interaction. Various subcategories of both modes are given and instances of denigration are discussed.