海德格尔的纳粹问题——事实与思想

Heideeser's Nazi Problem

本文依据各种材料,比如有关的海德格尔传记、文章、回忆录、海德格尔本人的著作、通信、和在此问题上的自我辩护等等,就事实与思想两个方面探讨海德格尔与纳粹的关系。关于事实的部分首先概述了海德格尔对此问题的解释,然后给出了不同意这种解释的人们所找到的最重要的一些相关事实。从中可以看出,海德格尔涉入纳粹运动的动机与程度比人们以前所知者更深,但并没有确凿证据证明他有反犹太的种族主义倾向。关于思想的部分在研究海德格尔1933年校长就职演说(“德国大学的自我主张”)的思想来源的基础上,将他的思想与纳粹意识形态做了对比。这些来源中最重要者是他的解释学化的现象学思路和表达方式,以及恩斯特·荣格尔表达于“总动员”和《工作者》之中的观点。在“德国大学的自我主张”中,他用“对于(当场显示)本性的意愿”代替了尼采和荣格尔的“对于力量的意愿”,阐释了这本性“站立在风暴之中”,就在不屈不挠的“发问”中达到实际生活经验本身的“形式—境域显示”,并因此而“保持住了人民的土与血元气的力量”的特点。这种纯构成化的思路与纳粹的现成化了的反现代主义貌合神离。因此,海德格尔在较短时间内看出了纳粹运动不可改变的技术化本质,并在关于尼采的讲课中批判之。 总之。

This paper, based on various sources (the, biographies of Heidegger, relevant articles and remembrances; Heidegger's works,correspondence and apology) .tries to clarify Heidegger's relations to National Socialism (Nazism) in two aspects: the factual and the thinking.The part of the factual first presents Heidegger's interpretations of this issue; and then lists the most weighty facts which were found out by those who disagreed with Heidegger' s interpretations. We can see from them that the motive and the depth of Heidegger' s involvement into the Nazi movement are deeper than what have been known before.However, there is no definite evidence of 'Heidegger's anti - semitism' claimed by someone.In the second part,the paper comes to approach the thinking causes of Heidegger's 1933 Rectorial Address ('The Self - Assertion of the German University'), and in the following compares what the Address means with the ideology of the National Socialism. The most important two causes are: his hermeneutic - phenomenological way of thinking as well as expressing that was formed at the very beginning of 1920s, and Ernst Juenger's views slated in the 'Total Mobilization' and The Worker. In'The Self - Assertion of the German University' , he substituted Nietzsche' s and Juenger s 'the will to power' with'the will to the disclosing essence (Wesen)',and exposes the essence as what'stands in the (factic life' s) storm', obtains its'formal - situational indication' in the constant 'cjuestioning' . In this way (Weg), 'the people' s earth - and blood - bound strengths' is preserved. This radically constituting (ereignende,zu - handen) thinking shares merely on the surface some common characters with National Socialism and differs from the latter' s 'vorhanden' (being - present - at - hand) way of thinking profoundly. For this reason, Heidegger soon recognized the unyieldingness of Nazi' s technological essence, and criticized it in his lectures on Nietzsche.In sum, Heidegger by no means accidentally involved himself into National Socialist movement. But this does not mean at all that his thinking and political perspective is Nazist. In fact, his thought distances itself much more fundamentally from the western metaphysical and subjectivist tradition, and hence finds some intimate kinship with Chinese ancient' Tao'.