宁镇山脉及秦淮河地区新石器时代遗址普查报告

RECONNAISSANCE OF THE NEOLITHIC SITES IN THE NING CHEN RANGE AND THE CH’IN HUAI VALLEY NEAR NANKING

一、普查的目的与经过宁镇山脉为海拔500米以下的丘陵地带。广义的宁镇山脉的范围,包括西南起江宁县铜井镇和朱门镇的苏皖界山,东北经南京、镇江到武进县孟河镇,全长约150多公里作弧形;以及在起丹徒县宝堰镇西南花山,南止句容县袁巷西南白马山,全长约33公里的茅山山脉。它们成为"山"字形。茅山山脉为秦淮河流域与太湖区域的分水岭。秦淮河受茅山西坡及宁镇山脉西段的水,会合成流。

The area investigated in this report lies in the vicinity of Nanking, extending from the city of Ma An Shan in southeastern Anhui into the province of Kiangsu to include the cities of Nanking and Chen-chiang, the counties of Chiang Ning, Chu Yung and Tan Tu, as well as the northern part of the counties of Li Shui and Tan Yang, and the northwestern corner of Wu Chin County. In the spring of 1957 along a route of over 4000 kilometers within this area, the authors discovered and investigated a total of 131 Neolithic sites of which 127 were the flat-topped 'hil- lock' type, with only four belonging to the 'hill-slope' type. These sites usually spread in succession along the banks of rivers and lakes, adjacent to but not actually connected with near-by hills. Some of them were found on terraced hillocks but the majority were on hillocks with gentle slopes rising 2--3 meters above the present ground level. The top of these hillocks is usually flat and their size ranges from 1000 to 3000 square meters. The cultural remains found at these sites were basically similar to the material previously excavated from the sites of a similar type and may be divided into two groups. The first had a cultural layer of about one meter in depth, with Neolithic remains lying immediately below the surface soil and suffering very little from later disturbances. The sites along the Yangtze near Ta Kang to the east of Chen-chiang belonged to this group. The cultural deposits of the second group sometimes reached a thickness of about five meters and might in turn ,be divided into two layers. The upper layer contained not only Neolithic remains but also tombs and ash layers from all subsequent periods since Eastern Chou, with a thickness of about two meters. The lower layer was predominently Neolithic culture and relatively free from disturbances. The specimens of stone tools and weapons collected included perforated flat axes, narrow adzes, stepped adzes, knives with and without perforation, sickles, spinning wheels as well as arro- wheads. Among the pottery the red coarse wares constituted the greatest majority and their shapes in- cluded 'ting', 'li', 'hsien', 'p'en' (basin), 'kuan' (jug), 'po' (bowl) etc., The potsherds of few polished black pottery revealed the shapes of 'tou', 'p'ou', 'lei', 'p'en'; etc. In addition, both high-fired and low-fired potsherds with geometric impression were also found on these sites.