洛阳涧滨东周城址发掘报告

REMAINS OF THE WALLS OF AN EASTERN CHOU CITY AT CHIEN PING,LOYANG

目次一、引言二、东周遗址的分布、堆积情况与城墙的轮廓 三、城墙构筑技术与後期修补利用情况四、城墙的堆积断面与年代问题五、结语一、引言西周初年,周王朝在洛阳一共营建了两座城堡,一座是成周,一座是王城。西周金文中常有关於成周、周和王的记载(周和王指王城)。至春秋经中则提到王城的名字。从周平王迁都到洛阳以後,一直到周景王共十二世都以王城为国都,到周敬王避王子朝之乱,徙於成周,至赧王又迁回王城,所以在春秋中对於王城和成周都有比较详细的记载。东汉的历史学家班固和东汉晚年的经学家郑玄在他们的著作里都曾经分别地指出成周在雒阳、王城在河南。他们去古未远,说的又都是洛阳当地城址变迁的事情。

Since 1954, a series of surveys and excavations has been undertaken by the Institute of Archaeology, Academia Sinica near Loyang in the vicinity of Hsiao T'un and along the banks of the Chien River. This is the area in which, according to tradition, the Eastern Chou city of Wang Ch'eng was located. As a result much new light has been shed on the distribution and the state of accumulation of cultural deposits on the Eastern Chou sites of this area as well as on the pounded earth city walls that encircled these sites. The Eastern Chou deposits in this area were so rich that they were exposed on the banks of the Chien River and on the sides of sunken roads. Beneath the topsoil the de- posits were usually found in the following sequence: the T'ang layer, the Eastern Han or Western Han layer and the Eastern Chou layer, with the latter sometimes superimposed on Western Chou and Yin layers. It was quite interesting that in the area outside the eastern wall of the Eastern Han city of Honan Hsien and adjacent to the city of the Eastern Capital in Sui and T'ang time, the T'ang layer lying usually on the Han or Eastern Chou layer was particularly thick. Since 1954, sections of pounded earth city walls had been excavated from time to time, revealing the three corners and the outline of the walls on four sides. The walls are now entirely buried under the ground level. Strangely enough, they were not of uniform width, ranging from about five meters at its narrowest on the west wall to about fifteen meters at its widest on the east wall. The trial trenches cut into the walls on all four sides wele found to contain pounded earth from both the original old wall and the repairs and additions of later periods. More often than not, traces of repairing could be found wherever the width of the wall exceeded ten meters. The walls were built of pounded earth and mostly on natural soil.To build the wall, a shallow trench was first dug into the ground to secure a solid foundation. Then layer upon layer of loess was pounded solid into a thickness of about 4--7 cm to build up gradually the stout wall. Frequently, the entire width of the wall under construction was packed during pounding, by wooden planks on both sides like an enormous sandwich But sometimes pounding was done in small squares.In both cases, traces of timbering could be seen clearly. The entire walls showed traces of repairs and additions made in later periods, often with the new wall either attaching to the side of the old one or else built right on the surviving foundations of the latter. Between the two, however, there was a clear line of demarcation. Besides, the method of construction used in each case was also quite dif- ferent. The repairs and additions were made in different periods, some being as early as the Warring States or early Western Han but others us late as T'ang. The way the re- pairs and additions were made seemedb to indicate that the walls in this area had been made use of in both Western Hun and T'ang Dynasties. On the basis of stratigraphical evidences it was concluded that the date of the original walls could not have been earlier than Western Chou. But nor could it be later than Eastern Chou on account of the fact that all around the walls on all sides and in close proximity were cultural deposits of Eastern Chou accumulated after the building of the original walls. The problem of the date of the walls must be considered in connection with the dwelling sites found in their vicinity on all sides. In this case,the presence of such rich cultural deposits accumulated since Eastern Chou and down through Eastern Han seems to indicate that it was densely populated during this period. The original walls were prob- ably built before the middle of the Ch'un Ch'iu (Spring and Autumn) period, with re- pairs and additions made from time to time during the period from the Warring States down to Han dynasty. Since the latter half of the Western Han, it gradually became de- serted until finally the Eastern Han city of Honan Hsien rose in its stead (the smaller walls within the original large walls). This line of reasoning appears to fit in quite well with the finding of cultural deposits on the sites widely distributed both within and without the walls. So far, only preliminary surveys and excavations relating to the walls themselves have been undertaken on the site of this great city in the early stages of feudalism in ancient Cigna. At the present, large quantity of tiles, both flat and semi-cylindrical in shape, as well as 'wa tang' (tile end) with either 't'ao t'ieh' or 'rolling clouds' motive could be found right on the ground in the vicinity of Hsiao T'un and Chu Chia T'un of Loyang, indicating that the royal palaces of that time might well have been located in this area, i.e. at the center of the site under discussion or slightly to the south of the center. In the north-western part of the city, large areas of the remains of pottery kilns as well as the dwellings of the potters belonging to the Warring States had been discovered along with potsherds and varions tools used in pottery making. There were also remains of several workshops for making bone implements as well as stone and jade ornaments. So far, however, no traces have yet been found of the main streets and the gates of this ancient city. Pan Ku (班固), Cheng Hsuan (郑玄) and Li Tao Yuan (郦道元), the author of 'Shui Ching Chu' (水经注) have all drawn attention to the connection between the Chou city of Wang Ch'eng and the Easterv Han city of Honan Hsien, holding that the former was located on the same site as the latter. This fact suggestes that the Eastern Chou city under discussion had already been deserted by Eastern Han, though traces of its remains might still be seen on the ground at that time and were taken by the people of Eastern Han and Northern Wei as belonging to the Eastern Chou city of Wang Ch'eng. The historical sources of T'ang dynasty unanimously confirm the site of Wang Ch'eng as to be lying in the north-eastern corner of the imperial park 'Shen Tu Yuan' (神都苑). Judging the way repairs and additions of Tang dynasty were made in the vicinity of trial trenches 58 T 112 and 58 T 120, the T'ang people certainly made good use of this Eastern Chou wall. Yuan Ho Nan Chih (Gazetteer of the Honanfu of the Yuan Dynasty) relates that in 617 A. D. Wang Ch'eng was levelled and destroyed. It may be reasoned that this does not mean that the entire length of pounded earth walls was completely levelled down and cleared away. But rather the remains of the walls of Wang Ch'eng were utilized in the process of repairing so that the old walls were no longer to be seen. Appended at the end of the present report are fourteen old maps of the ancient city of Loyang, originally published in Yuan Ho Nan Chih (Gazetteer of the Honanfu of the Yuan dynasty), a work now lost but fortumately cited in Book 9651 of Yung Lo Ta Tien- Brief notes on each maps are also given.