安阳殷墟五号墓的发掘

EXCAVATION OF TOMB NO. 5 AT YIN-HSU IN ANYANG

一、前言在安阳殷墟"宫殿"遗址西南侧,即今小屯村北略偏西约100米处,有一片高出周围地面约80厘米的"岗地",总面积约一万多平方米。在岗地南部的断崖上,暴露出连续不断的夯土基址。1975年冬,在全国农业学大寨会议精神鼓舞下,当地社员群众计划平整这片岗地。

Lying to the northwest of the Hsiao-t'un Village, Tomb No. 5 was discovered under the remains of Dwelling No. 1 at Yin-hsü in 1976. It was a tomb of modest scale but its undisturbed chamber has yielded a tremendous amount of magnificent tomb furniture, making it the best preserved of all royal Yin tombs ever excavated in Anyang. The pit is an oblong shaft with a measurement of 5.6 by 4 meters at the mouth and an orientation of 10°to the northeast. Towards the middle of both its eastern and western walls at a depth of about 6.2 meters is an elongated niche containing several human sacrifices. The pit is provided at the bottom with secondary earthen platforms (erh ts'eng t'ai) on all four sides. At the bottom of the pit is a so-called waist pit (yao k'eng 腰坑) with a human sacrifice and a dog. The wooden chamber and coffin have both disintegrated, leaving only traces which show that the former was built of planks to a measurement of 5 meters lung, 3.4 to 3.6 meters wide and 1.3 meters high. But traces of original pointed decoration are still discernable on the chamber top. Originally, the coffin was lacquered but it was no longer possible to discern its structure and size. The skeleton of the tomb owner had also completely disintegrated. The dead was interred with no less than sixteen human sacrifices and six dogs. An examination of human skeletons reveals that there are four men, two women, two childern and eight others of unknown sex and age. Of these sixteen human sacrifices, at least one was slaughtered before being interred while another was slashed at the waist and then buried. The tomb furniture is placed in the fillings of the tomb chamber, both above and on the chamber top, in the space between the chamber and coffin, and inside the coffin. Altogether, there are over 1,500 pieces, of which about 440 are bronzes while nearly 500 each are jade and bone objects, plus some stone sculptures and ivory carvings. In addition, there are seven pottery vessels and nearly 7,000 pieces of cowries. The bronzes uncovered constitute the largest and most complete intact group of their kind ever unearthed from an early Yin tomb at Anyang. They consist of both ceremonial vessels and weapons. The former are of more than twenty types, including the ting, hsiên, tsêng, kuei, yü, kuan, double square yi, yi, tsun, lei, handed yü, hu, fou, chih-cup, kung 觥, chia, chǜeh-cup, ku-beaker and triple hsien. Well over seventy of these bear such inscriptions as fu hao 妇好, ssǔ mu hsin 司母辛, ssǔ mien mu 司(兔示)母, ya pi 亚弜, ya ch'i 亚其, ya ch'i 亚启, and su chia 束家. Those bear the names of Fu Hao and Ssǔ Mu Hsin are of particular importance as they provide the key to determining the status of the tomb owner and the date of her tomb. On the basis of the majority of bronze inscriptions, it can be established that the tomb belonged to Fu Hao, a well known consort of King Wu-ting. She died before her husband and was subsequently given the posthumous title of Pi Hsin 妣辛. The excavation of this tomb has shed much new light on the history and archaeology of the Yin dynasty, particularly the economy and handicraft industry of the reign of Wu-ting, as well as on such problems as the dating of Yin bronzes, the layout of the Yin capital and the contacts between the Yin people and neighbouring tribes. The magnificence of the bronze ceremonial vessels unearthed and the exquisite workmanship of the jade, stone and ivory carvings all attest to the high level attained by the handicraft industry of the time. The presenc of large amount of cowries also points to their possible use as currency in the economy of the time. On the other hand, the sad lot of the sixteen sacrificial slaves interred in the tomb, along with those of the other 191 sacrificial pits of slaves exceavated to the north of the Wu-kuan Village (cf. Kaogu No. 1, 1977, PP. 20—36), provides a sobering contrast to the pomp and richness with which a member of the royal family like Fu Hao was buried.