简论马克思对劳动力与劳动的区分

On the Distinction Between Labor and Labor Force in Marx's Theory

对劳动力与劳动的区分是马克思经济理论发展中一个极为重大的问题,也是全部政治经济学中一个极其重要的问题。本文从马克思经济思想发展角度,探讨了马克思经济学区分劳动力与劳动的历史过程,认为以1857年为分界线可将马克思劳动力商品理论发展划分为前后两个阶段。在早期阶段,马克思尚未将劳动力与劳动区分开来;在1857～1858年《经济学手稿》中第一次对劳动力与劳动的区分作了较为科学完整的阐述;在后期阶段,马克思深入探讨了劳动力与劳动的区分以及与资本相交换过程中的内在联系,论述了工人出卖劳动能力与劳动本身以及与工资的关系。文章提出,研究马克思劳动力商品理论要注意对早期和后期马克思有关劳动力和劳动的论述及不同表达方式有不同的理解。

The distinction between labor and labor force is an issue of great importance in the development of Marx's economic theory and in the political economics study.The author probes into the process of distinguishing labor from laborforce in Marx's economic theory,and puts forward the idea that it was 1857-1858 when the economic draft was published, the distinction between labor and labor force was scientifically elaborated.Later,the distinction between labor and labor force was developed continually.At the end of the paper, the author suggests that attention should be paid to the distinction between labor and labor force at different stages during the development of Marx's political economics.