影响学习迁移的几个因素的实验研究

Influential factors on learning transfer

针对前人较多地从学习材料本身的特点或学习者的心理特点出发去孤立地考察对学习迁移的影响这一现象 ,本研究试采用代数运算材料 ,系统地探讨了学习材料的相同要素和学习者概括化认知过程两者之间的内在关系 ,并将相同要素进一步区分为表述形式相似和内在原理相似。旨在对较为复杂的认知学习中迁移的影响因素做更深入的考察。结果表明 :①概括化和相同要素对学习迁移的影响依然存在 ,但需作具体分析。其中 ,前者应成为影响学习迁移的更重要因素。②在学习材料的相同要素中 ,实质上对迁移起作用的是内在原理相似性 ;而表述形式相似性不起主要作用。③概括化因素和内在原理相似性因素之间的交互作用对学习迁移影响极大。

Learning transfer is an active topic in the field of education and psychology, but previous researchers mainly focused on the identical elements in learning tasks or generalization of learning transfer, while few discussed the influential factors on the transfer of cognitive learning. In this experiment, an algebraic operation was designed to explore the internal relationship between identical elements and generalization. In particular, the identical elements were further separated into two factors the similarity of internal principle and the similarity of superficial form. Beside the identical elements, the variable of internal principle was also set at two levels same principle and different principle.Thus, we had a 2×2 factorial design: similar superficial form and same principle, similar superficial form and different principle, different superficial form and different principle, and different superficial form and different principle. 448 primary school pupils of Grade Six were assigned to these four settings. They were required to identify and correct five algebraic equalities. The result were as follows: 1) Both generalization and identical elements affect the transfer of complex cognitive learning although the former seems more important, 2) Identical elements can be further separated into the similarity of superficial form and the similarity of internal principle (which had an essential effect on complex cognitive learning) and, 3) There was asignificant interaction between generalization and the similarity of internal principle .