元大都大内宫殿的复原研究

A STUDY OF THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE IMPERIAL PALACES IN THE GREAT YUAN CAPITAL

元大都宫殿,上承北宋、金源,下启明、清,在宫殿制度上处于承前启后的位置,对于了解我国古代宫殿制度的渊源演变颇具重要性。可惜大都元宫已毁于明永乐间营建北京宫殿之役,遗址压在今明清北京故宫和景山之下,虽钻探也没有可能性,更不必谈发掘了。所幸元大都宫殿的概貌,在史籍中有颇为详细的记载。(元)陶宗仪《南村辍耕录》卷二十一,〈宫阙制度〉条详记了元大都大内、兴圣宫、隆福宫和御苑的情况,包括布局。

The imperial palaces of the Great Yuan Capital were majestic and magnificent complexes. Inheriting the building art if the Song-Jin period and ushering in that of the Ming and Qing periods, they played a rather important role in the development of Chinese palace architecture. Since their thorough destruction during the construction of the Beijing imperial palaces in the Yongle regin of the Ming dynasty, their ruins have been buried below the Ming and Qing palaces and Jingshan Hill and are thus beyond survey and excavation. At present their scale and form can be learned only from records in the Chuo Geng Lu 《辍耕录》. On the other hand, researches on the developmental line of Song and Yuan architecture and studies of the six palaces remaining from the Yuan period have roughly brought to light the rules of design in Yuan palace architecture, i.e. using the modulus system method 'in accordance with the beam.' In the light of these rules, by analysing and contrasting synthetically the measurements and forms of the main halls in the Yuan imperial palaces recorded in the Chuo Geng Lu, the 'beam' grades, large-sized wooden frames and apperances of different buildings can be inferred and their reconstructions can be drown. These drawings have a certain scientific basis and must be close to the reality of the Yuan imperial palaces because the reconctructing work is done according to the exact measurements of the main hall and the rules of design in the architecture of Yuan palaces.