论仰韶文化史家类型

ON THE SHIJIA TYPE OF YANGSHAO CULTURE

仰韶文化的发现迄今已有七十余年的历史,它以其分布广、内涵丰富、延续时间长、影响深远而成为我国新石器时代文化的重要组成部分。仰韶文化遗址已发现二千余处,分布在河南、陕西、山西、河北、甘肃、内蒙古等广大地区。新中国成立以来,相继对西安半坡、临潼姜寨、宝鸡北首岭、渭南史家、华县元君庙和泉护村、陕县庙底沟、洛阳王湾、郑州大河村、淅川下王岗、秦安大地湾、芮城东庄村和西王村等典型遗址进行了科学发掘,发现了丰富的实物资料和地层证据。以此为基础,学术界依其分布地域和年代的不同及文化面貌上的差异。

The Shijia type of Yangshao culture is represented by the Shijia site in Weinan County, Shaanxi Province, and is characterized by gourd-shaped bottles, small-sized covered jars and numerous collective secondary burials. It was distributed in the Guanzhong region and exerted influence beyong this area. According to the periodization of the Shijia site, this type can be divided into the early, middle and late phases. The early phase is represented by the later middle complex of the Beishouling site in Baoji; the middle phase, by the earty complex of the Shijia site; and the late phase, by the late complex of this site. Both definite stratigraphic evidence and the evolution of cultural elements show that the Shijia type is later than the Banpo type and earlier than the period of the Miaodigou type. It was developed from the Eanpo type and later evolved into the Quanhu type, a local variant of the Miaodigou type in the Guanzhong region, in absolute chronology, it is dated roughly to 5490—5235 bp (dendrochronology-cal brated 6140—5935 BP). So far, there has been discovered only a settlement site, which lies at Beishouling, Baoji. Its settlement pattern differs from that of the Banpo type; the small-sized house, large-slzed house and settlement, i.e. three living units from smaller to larger, may represent three grades of social organizations: the pairing family, the household and the clan. To sum up, the discovery and establishment of the Shijia type makes up the gap be tween the Banpo and Miaodigou types and will contribute to our understanding of the development of the Yangshao culture.