论有段石锛和有肩石器

ON STEPPED STONE ADZES AND SHOULDERED STONE IMPLEMENTS

一、引言有段石锛和有肩石器普遍发现在中国南方地区,是中国南方地区新石器时代具有浓厚地方性特征的遗物。有段石锛,是石锛中的—个特殊类型。它与普通石锛一样,单面刃,呈扁平长方形或梯形,但因其背部偏上有横脊、凹槽或台阶,将锛分成上下两部分,上部为装柄部分,故一般称其为"有段石锛"。有肩石器,或称双肩石器。其中以石锛为大宗,并有少量的斧和铲。其共同特征是,器形宽扁,上部有双肩,以肩为界,分为上下两部分,上部为装柄部分,所以我们称之为"有肩石器"。有段石锛和有肩石器的分布范围很广,一般说来,有两个比较明显的分布圈:有段石锛主要分布在太平洋西部沿海地区,包括中国的东部、南部沿海和内陆的几个省区,南美洲西部海岸,以及南太平洋诸岛屿、菲律宾等地,最南可达新西兰岛。有肩石器则主要分布在中国的广东、香港、广西、云南诸省区,以及东南亚的越南、老挝、柬埔寨、缅甸、泰国。

Stepped stone adzes and shouldered stone implements are widely distributed in southern China, and they are relics of the Neolithic Age with marked regional characteristics. The two kinds of stone implements are closely related to each other.Stone stepped adzes can be divided into five types which have a carinate, a curved, a typically stepped and a grooved dorsal side and a shouldered top respectively. Carbon-14 dating and associated relics show that such adzes originated in the lower reaches of the Changjiang River and their influence was diffused in 14 provinces of China. thus they becoming an outstanding characteristic of the Neolithic Age in the southern regions of the country. Their evolution went through the three stages of emergence, flourish and decline. The emergence period corresponds roughly to the times of the Hemudu and the Majiabang Cultures, the flourishing period to the late Neolithic of southern China, and the decline period to the span from the early Shang Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period.Shouldered stone implements are multiform and the discussion here is limited to such implements discovered in the Zhujiang River Delta and its adjoining areas and characterized by shouldered stone adzes. These implements can be called Zhujiang Delta Type, because they originated in the delta. They are widely distributed in Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces and in the region of Hongkong.Stepped stone adzes and shouldered stone implements were also discovered in the Pacific island world and Southeast and South Asia.In southern China, the two kinds of stone implements coexisted and interacted on each other. As a result, a unique type of stone implements with both step and shoulder was developed. Each of the two kinds of tools had its own place of origin and region of distribution, and through different channels they were spread into southern Pacific islands and Southeast and South Asia. Their different diffusion in these regions shows that primitive cultures of southern China had their respective sphere of influence.