四川崖墓的初步研究

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE CLIFF TOMBS IN SICHUAN AND ADJACENT AREAS

一、前言四川崖墓,是四川以及云南、贵州部分地区,汉至六朝约五百年时间中,曾广泛流行过的一种较具地方特点的墓葬。这种崖墓数量极多,四川地区现在还保存下来的就有数万座,它为研究汉至魏晋南北朝时期的墓葬制度、思想意识、社会经济、美术、建筑和四川地区这一时期的历史等,都提供了很有价值的实物资料。有关四川崖墓的记载,最早见于南梁李膺所著《益州记》。唐柳宗元《龙城记》和五代前蜀杜光庭《录异记》,也对崖墓有所记述。在宋人著作和明清时的四川各种方志中,对此更是多有记载。但是,除南宋洪适在《隶释》中明确记载这是古代的一种墓葬外。

Cliff tombs have been found in whole Sichuan Province and in parts of Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces, totalling tens of thousands up to the present. According to the results of archaeological surveys and excavations, they are classified into 26 forms of 6 types in this paper. These tombs began to a appear in the reign of Wang Mang at the end of the Western Han Dynasty and disappeared in the times of the Southern Dynasties. The course of their development can be divided into five stages: 1) the stage of emergence: from the last years of the Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty; 2) the stage of growing: during the middle Eastern Han Dynasty; 3) the stage of full flourish: during the late Eastern Han Dynasty; 4) the stage of early decline: from the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the period of the Kingdom of Shu Hart; and 5) the stage of further diclining and final disappearance: from the Western Jin Dynasty to the early period of the Southern Dynasties.The conclusion of the author is that the cliff tombs are remains of members of the Han Nationality in these areas and therefore belong to the system of the Han Culture but with local features. They must have been the variation of the cave tomb of the Central Plains adapted to local topographical conditions of Sichuan. Their emergence may be believed to be connected with great influxes of Han people into Sichuan in the Qin and Han Dynasties.