论人性的两重结构

On the Dual Structure of Human Nature

作为一个哲学概念,“人”是个体和类的统一,也即个人和社会的统一。由此,人性或人的本质,作为一个开放性的科学结构,具有双重存在。它事实上有两个基本层次;第一层次是人类的内在本质或人的一般本性,指的是人类区别于其他动物的最基本特征。劳动是规定人类内在本质的出发点,人的自然、社会和思维属性直接地蕴涵在劳动过程之中。因此,人类的内在本质是主体为满足自身的需要而进行的创造性活动。第二层次是个人的外在本质或个人的现实本质,指的是常驻于主体自身的人类内在本质通过个人在特定的社会关系总和中活动而表现出来的现实形态。对于马克思来说,他要揭示的是有别于人类共性的个体之间的种种差别性,从而为个人的解放提供历史根据和理论武器。

'Man' as a philosophical notion, is a unity of individual and class, i.e. a unity of individual and mankind society. Therefone, to be an opcn, scientific structure, human nature exists twofold. In fact, there are two basic arrangements of ideas about it:(i) the inherent or the general nature of human beings, which presents the most basic feature of mankind distinguished from animals. Labour psocess is the vesy starting point to define the general nature of man, i. e. creative actions by the subject to meet its own needs;(ii) the exterior or the actual nature of individuals which presents the actual patterns of human nature that always exists within the subject itself, shown by actions of individuals in the summation of certain social relations. To Karl Marx, it is the disparity among individuals rather than the genesal charactes of mankind that he wanted to rereal, in order to give historical evidence and theoritical arms to the individual liberation.