试论大汶口文化的三处墓地

A STUDY OF THREE CEMETERIES OF THE DAWENKOU CULTURE

目前,大汶口文化的田野发掘工作,在居住遗址方面做得较少,墓葬方面做得较多,资料相当丰富。已发掘的主要墓地有泰安大汶口、曲阜西夏侯、兖州王因、邹县野店、胶县三里河、诸城前寨和呈子、邳县刘林和大墩子等,其中有的墓地发掘资料还未完全发表。本文拟以刘林、三里河、大汶口三处墓地的发掘资料为主,进行初步的分析探讨。为什么要选择这三处墓地,其原因有三:(一)

The three cemeteries dealt with in the present paper are discovered at Liulin in Peixian County of Jiangsu Province, at Dawenkou in Tai'an County of Shandong Province and at Sanlihe in Jiaoxian County also of Shandong Province, and belong to the Dadunzi, Dawenkou and Sanlihe Types of the Dawenkou Culture respectively. At present, owing to the lack of relevant data, they are the main objects of the study and analysis of the Dawenkou Culture burial remains: the first cemetery is typical of the early stage of the culture, while the other two represent its late stage. Such a study provides a general outline of the evolution of the Dawenkou society in the clan System.In the Liulin Cemetery there were discovered 145 tombs during the secondary excavation. They are distributed in five groups, each of which seems to be the burial area of one family. This distribution of graves by the family in a clan cemetery doubtlessly shows a disruptive force of the rising family to the clan system.In the Sanlihe Cemetery were uncovered 66 tombs, grouping in three areas. Most of the graves have a north-south orientation and are arranged in neat rows, indicating a fairly close blood relation within the clan.The tombs in the Dawenkou Cemetery are distributed disorderly, showing that the ties of blood between clan members were weakened to a certain degree. Furthermore, there are difference in the size of tombs, the quantity of funeral obiects, and the presence or absence of the coffin, as well as man-and-woman joint burials. The appearance of these deviations from the common clan burial customs says that the clan system was already on the verge of disintegration and the arrival of a new stage in social development was at hand.