语义的对比关系和对立关系

On semantic opposites and contrasts

语义的对比和对立关系是最常见的语义关系。在日常生活中,人们无时无刻不在运用对比、对立关系来确定人和事物的准确方位、性质特征等等。本文从语义学的观点出发,把这种关系分为四大类:可分级反义词、互补词、对立词以及多项不相容词,并逐项论述了它们之间的逻辑关系及各自的特点。文章还涉及反义词的有标记、无标记,反义词的对称与不对称的关系等问题,并以实例说明了对比、对立关系在修辞、文体方面所起的作用。

Antonymy, a common phenomenon in natural language, indicates an important sense-relation between words. But the discussion of this phenomenon hag mostly been confined to gradable anto-nyms and complementaries. This article takes a broader view, encompassing opposites and contrastsin meaning. In addition to gradable antonyms and complementaries, converses and multiple incom-patibles are discussed.