试论两宋民间结社组织的体育活动

Sports Activities of Popular Organizations in the Song Dynasty

两宋时期,中国民间出现了大量体育组织。其中农村有农民防御外族入侵;反抗剥削压迫以及政府和宗族乡豪组织的四种不同形式。活动内容,以军事武艺为主。造成原因主要是边患此起彼伏、地主疯狂兼并土地以及当时农村商品货币经济不发达。此时,南宋城市则出现了以娱乐体育活动为主的体育组织,造成原因是南宋有相对稳定的社会环境、市民阶层的壮大以及城市文化生活的高度发展和行会组织的大发展。

During the Northern and Southern Song dynasties, large numbers of sports associations were formed by the masses of the people. Those in the rural areas were of four different kinds: 1) peasants associations of the Han nationality for resisting aggression by other nationalities; 2) popular associations against exploitation and oppression; 3) associations set up by the government; and 4) associations formed by rich and powerful clans. Mainly devoted to military affairs and fighting arts, these organizations were formed against the following background: frequent disturbances in border areas, frenzied annexation of land by the landlords, and underdevelopment of commodity economy in rural areas. During the Southern Song period there emerged many sports and recreational organizations in urban areas where social environments were more stable, with a growing population of townspeople, highly developed cultural life and rapid growth of guilds.